Senin, 08 Februari 2010

The Importance of Exercise

Why Exercise is Important
The majority of us claim that we do not have time for exercise. We feel too busy to do that. However, many expert said that exercise has great role in making our body healthy

Being physically active offers many advantage. In physical reword, exercise can reduce weight then our body will become fitter. Exercise is also believed to reduce stress levels, improve sleep patterns, and reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes and some forms of cancer. Beside physical advantage, exercise also brings good effects mentally. Due to the fitter body, exercise can make us feel refreshed and happy then we can increase our life quality and expectancy.

How can we do exercise while we are busy? Such question is commonly found among us. Actually exercise can be done in simple ways. We can go walking while shopping. In the office we can take stair rather than lift to run up and down. Or we can go cycling while enjoy the leisure time.

Over all, doing exercise is little bit difficult in busy life but the little bit of exercise will help better.

My Horrible Experience

Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When the earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali.
Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.
Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.
When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.

Analyzing the Text
Generic Structure Analysis
Orientation; introducing the participant, using first person point of view, I was on the car las week.
Events; describing a series of event which happened. The car lunched to one side. Telephone and electricity poles was falling down, etc.
Re-orientation; stating the writer's personal note. Thanking God because nobody was seriously injured.
Language Feature Analysis
Using personal participant; I
Using chronological connectives; then, and, suddenly
Using linking verb; was, were
Using action verb; moved, left, walked, made, etc
Using simple past tense pattern; earthquake happened, I was on the car, my car lunched on one side, etc





Journalist's Diary

Recount is very similar to narrative. Recount explores the series of events which happened to participant/s. These events are the main element in composing recount text. However it just focuses on the events themselves. It does not include the conflict inside.

The events will be told in chronological order based on time and place. If we get recount text with complete generic structure, it will be constructed by structuring orientation, events and re-orientation. The absence of complication/problem/conflict in the generic structure is actually differentiating from narrative. Arranging these series of event in beautiful and attractive way is the power of writer in composing recount text. Below is piece of passage which can be read as recount text.


My Rush Time as a Journalist

I usually woke up at eight o'clock a.m. and went to the Press Center to check the daily schedule of briefings and press conferences. It was usually held by the United Nation officials or disaster mitigation team.

It was challenging to visit different refugee camps to find soft stories, human interest stories. After that I went back to the Press Center to cover the press conferences of the day.

It was heart breaking when I saw these survivors fight for food and secondhand clothing. Unfortunately as they said, the food and clothing were limited and inadequate. Emerging to glaring, fool noon, it was time to go back to Press Center to write stories and race against time. I was always fearing that the internet would come crushing down.

After everything was done, only then I remembered to eat. Most times, I only ate once a day because I always had to rush and again it was difficult to find food. I had to travel quite far. I needed to spend a 30 to 45 minutes by car just to find fresh food.

Vacation to London

Mr. Richard’s family was on vacation. They are Mr. and Mrs. Richard with two sons. They went to London. They saw their travel agent and booked their tickets. They went to the British Embassy to get visas to enter Britain. They had booked fourteen days tour. This includes travel and accommodation. They also included tours around London
They boarded a large Boeing flight. The flight was nearly fourteen hours. On the plane the cabin crews were very friendly. They gave them news paper and magazine to read. They gave them food and drink. There was a film for their entertainment. They had a very pleasant flight. They slept part of the way.
On arrival at Heathrow Airport, they had to go to Customs and Immigration. The officers were pleasant. They checked the document carefully but their manners were very polite. Mr. Richard and his family collected their bags and went to London Welcome Desk. They arranged the transfer to a hotel.
The hotel was a well-known four-star hotel. The room had perfect view of the park. The room had its own bathroom and toilet. Instead of keys for the room, they inserted a key-card to open the door. On the third floor, there was a restaurant serving Asian and European food. They had variety of food.
The two week in London went by fast. At the end of the 14-day, they were quite tired but they felt very happy.



Visiting Bali

There were so many places to see in Bali that my friend decided to join the tours to see as much as possible. My friend stayed in Kuta on arrival. He spent the first three days swimming and surfing on Kuta beach. He visited some tour agents and selected two tours. The first one was to Singaraja, the second was to Ubud.
On the day of the tour, he was ready. My friend and his group drove on through mountains. Singaraja is a city of about 90 thousands people. It is a busy but quiet town. The street are lined with trees and there are many old Dutch houses. Then they returned very late in the evening to Kuta.
The second tour to Ubud was a very different tour. It was not to see the scenery but to see the art and the craft of the island. The first stop was at Batubulan, a center of stone sculpture. There my friend watched young boys were carving away at big blocks of stone. The next stop was Celuk, a center for silversmiths and goldensmiths. After that he stopped a little while for lunch at Sukawati and on to mass. Mass is a tourist center
My friend ten-day-stay ended very quickly beside his two tour, all his day was spent on the beach. He went sailing or surfboarding every day. He was quiet satisfied.













Jumat, 25 Desember 2009

How Chocolate is made

Have we wondered how we get chocolate from? Well this time we will enter the amazing world of chocolate so we can understand exactly we are eating.
Chocolate starts a tree called cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in place such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. In side the fruits are the tree’s seeds. They are also known as coco beans.
Next, the beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun. After that they are shipped to the chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from different places have different qualities and flavour. So they are often shorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix.
The next process is winnowing. The roasted beans are winnowed to remove the meat nib of the cacao bean from its shell. Then the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter.
All seeds contain some amount of fat and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which is why the ground nibs from liquid. It is pure bitter chocolate.

Making Kite

Having a kite flying is interesting and make it by self is easy. Prepare the following materials to make a kite:
Butcher cord
Scotch tape or glue
1 Sheet of strong paper
2 Strong, straight wooden sticks of bamboo
Markers, paint or crayons
After the materials have been prepared, the directions bellow is easy instruction on how to make a kite:
1. Make a cross with the two sticks, with the shorter stick placed horizontally across the longer stick.
2. Tie the two sticks together with the string in such a way as to make sure that they are at right angles to each other.
3. Cut a notch at each end of the sticks. Make it deep enough for the type of string you are using to fit in to. Cut a piece of string long enough to stretch all around the kite frame.
4. Lay the sail material flat and place the stick frame face down on top. Cut around it, leaving about 2-3cm for a margin. Fold these edges over and glue it down so that the material is tight.
5. Make a tail by tying a small ribbon roughly every 10cm along the length of string.
6. Decorate your kite with the markers!






The Smartest Parrot

Once upon time, a man had a wonderful parrot. There was no other parrot like it. The parrot could say every word, except one word. The parrot would not say the name of the place where it was born. The name of the place was Catano.
The man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could not understand why the parrot would not say Catano. The man tried to teach the bird to say Catano however the bird kept not saying the word.
At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got very angry. “You stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano! Or I will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would not say it. Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of Catano.
One day, after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say Catano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the parrot and threw it into the chicken house. There were four old chickens for next dinner “You are as stupid as the chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he continued to humble; “You know, I will cut the chicken for my meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot”. After that he left the chicken house.
The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door and was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chicken house. There were three death chickens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”.
Notes on Narrative Text
It is important to know that the social function of the narrative text is to inform and entertain. Narrative text will tell the story with amusing way. It provides an esthetic literary experience to the reader. Narrative text is written based on life experience. In literary term, experience is what we do, feel, hear, read, even what we dream.
Narrative text is organized focusing at character oriented. It is build using descriptive familiar language and dialogue. There are some genres of literary text which fit to be classified as the narrative text. Some of them are:Commonly, narrative text is organized by the story of grammar. It will be beginning, middle and end of the story. To build this story grammar, narrative text need plot. This plot will determine the quality of the story. Plot is a series of episodes which holds the reader’ attention while they are reading the story.Conflict is the main important element of the plot. This conflict among the characters will drive the story progress. In this conflict, readers will be shown how the characters face the problem and how they have ability to handle that problem
Analysis the Generic Structure
Orientation: It sets the scene and introduces the participants/characters. In that parrot story, the first paragraph is the orientation where reader finds time and place set up and also the participant as the background of the story. A man and his parrot took place once time.Complication: It explores the conflict in the story. It will show the crisis, rising crisis and climax of the story. In the parrot story, paragraph 2, 3, 4 are describing the complication. Readers will find that the man face a problem of why the parrot can not say Catano. To fix this problem, the man attempted to teach the bird. How hard he tried to teach the bird is the excitement element of the complication.Resolution: It shows the situation which the problems have been resolved. It must be our note that “resolved” means accomplished whether succeed or fail. In the last paragraph of the smartest parrot story, readers see the problem is finished. The parrot could talk the word which the man wanted. The parrot said the word with higher degree than the man taught the word to it. That was the smartest parrot.

CINDERELLA STORY

Once upon a time, there was a young girl named Cinderella. She lived with her step mother and two step sisters.
The step mother and sisters were conceited and bad tempered. They treated Cinderella very badly.
step mother made Cinderella do the hardest works in the house; such as scrubbing the floor, cleaning the pot and pan and preparing the food for the family. The two step sisters, on the other hand, did not work about the house. Their mother gave them many handsome dresses to wear.
One day, the two step sister received an invitation to the ball that the king’s son was going to give at the palace. They were excited about this and spent so much time choosing the dresses they would wear. At last, the day of the ball came, and away went the sisters to it. Cinderella could not help crying after they had left.“Why are crying, Cinderella?” a voice asked. She looked up and saw her fairy godmother standing beside her, “because I want so much to go to the ball” said Cinderella. “Well” said the godmother,”you’ve been such a cheerful, hardworking, uncomplaining girl that I am going to see that you do go to the ball”.
Magically, the fairy godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and mice into a coachman and two footmen. Her godmother tapped Cinderella’s raged dress with her wand, and it became a beautiful ball gown. Then she gave her a pair of pretty glass slippers. “Now, Cinderella”, she said; “You must leave before midnight”. Then away she drove in her beautiful coach.
Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again with the king’s son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve, she ran toward the door as quickly as she could. In her hurry, one of her glass slipper was left behind.
A few days later, the king’ son proclaimed that he would marry the girl whose feet fitted the glass slipper. Her step sisters tried on the slipper but it was too small for them, no matter how hard they squeezed their toes into it. In the end, the king’s page let Cinderella try on the slipper. She stuck out her foot and the page slipped the slipper on. It fitted perfectly.
Finally, she was driven to the palace. The king’s son was overjoyed to see her again. They were married and live happily ever after.
Notes on Generic Structure of Narrative TextOrientation: it means to introduce the participants or the characters of the story with the time and place set. Orientation actually exists in every text type though it has different term. In this story, the first paragraph is clearly seen to introduce the participants of the Cinderella Story. They were Cinderella her self as the main character of the story, her step mother which treated Cinderella badly, and her steps sister which supported her mother to make Cinderella was treated very badly. Cinderella was introduced as a hero in this story. She struggled against the bad treatment from her step mother and sisters. Complication: it is such the crisis of the story. If there is not the crisis, the story is not a narrative text. In a long story, the complication appears in several situations. It means that some time there is more then one complication. In this Cinderella story, we can see clearly that there are Major Complication and Minor Complication. The second paragraph is the major complication of this Cinderella story. Cinderella got bad treatment from her stepmother. It is the bad crisis which drives into several minor complications which Cinderella has to overcome.Resolution: it is the final series of the events which happen in the story. The resolution can be good or bad. The point is that it has been accomplished by the characters. Like complication, there are Major Resolution and Minor Resolution.
In the last paragraph, it is said that finally Cinderella lived happily. It is the happy resolution of the bad treatment.

Arabian Story

Queen of Arabia and Three Sheiks
Maura, who like to be thought of as the most beautiful and powerful queen of Arabia, had many suitors. One by one she discarded them, until her list was reduced to just three sheiks. The three sheiks were all equally young and handsome. They were also rich and strong. It was very hard to decide who would be the best of them.
One evening, Maura disguised herself and went to the camp of the three sheiks. As they were about to have dinner, Maura asked them for something to eat. The first gave her some left over food. The second Sheik gave her some unappetizing camel’s tail. The third sheik, who was called Hakim, offered her some of the most tender and tasty meat. After dinner, the disguised queen left the sheik’s camp.
The following day, the queen invited the three sheiks to dinner at her palace. She ordered her servant to give each one exactly what they had given her the evening before. Hakim, who received a plate of delicious meat, refused to eat it if the other two sheiks could not share it with him.
This Sheik Hakim’s act finally convinced Queen Maura that he was the man for her. “Without question, Hakim is the most generous of you” she announced her choice to the sheiks. “So it is Hakim I will marry”.

Narrative Complication in Generic Structure
The above example of narrative text tells a story which can amuse the reader. Amusing and entertaining are the power of narrative text to attract the reader. Reader will tend to follow the whole story.
As it is said many times that the heart of narrative text is the existence of the complication. It will drive the plot of the story to keep amusing. The existence of conflict inside the Queen Maura is what builds the story keep running. The psychological conflict inside Maura, which she strike against herself, is arousing the readers attention to continue reading the story. They want to know what next will happen, who will be chosen by Queen Maura, in what way she will decide who is the best. Keeping knowing them really entertaining as well increasing the moral value added.
Orientation: the text introduce the Queen Maura and three sheiks in Arabia once time.
Complication: Queen Maura find out that it was very difficult to choose one as the best among them
Resolution: finally Queen Maura has a convincing way to choose one and he is Sheik Hakim

The Legend of Tangkuban Perahu

The Story of Sangkuriang and Tangkuban Perahu Mountain
Once, there was a kingdom in Priangan Land. Lived a happy family. They were a father in form of dog,his name is Tumang, a mother which was called is Dayang Sumbi, and a child which was called Sangkuriang.
One day, Dayang Sumbi asked her son to go hunting with his lovely dog, Tumang. After hunting all day, Sangkuriang began desperate and worried because he hunted no deer. Then he thought to shot his own dog. Then he took the dog liver and carried home.
Soon Dayang Sumbi found out that it was not deer lever but Tumang's, his own dog. So, She was very angry and hit Sangkuriang's head. In that incident, Sangkuriang got wounded and scar then cast away from their home.
Years go bye, Sangkuriang had travel many places and finally arrived at a village. He met a beautiful woman and felt in love with her. When they were discussing their wedding plans, The woman looked at the wound in Sangkuriang's head. It matched to her son's wound who had left severall years earlier. Soon she realized that she felt in love with her own son.
She couldn't marry him but how to say it. Then, she found the way. She needed a lake and a boat for celebrating their wedding day. Sangkuriang had to make them in one night. He built a lake. With a dawn just moment away and the boat was almost complete. Dayang Sumbi had to stop it. Then, she lit up the eastern horizon with flashes of light. It made the cock crowed for a new day.
Sangkuriang failed to marry her. She was very angry and kicked the boat. It felt over and became the mountain of Tangkuban Perahu Bandung.




Malin Kundang

A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra, a woman and her son lived. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent because Malin Kundang's father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang had to live hard with his mother.
Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the town.
One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life, Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.
Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too. When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village. The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has become rich and now he is here”.
An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after so long time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a dirty and ugly woman!" After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness.
Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he didn't apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail.
In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turned into a stone.



Narrative Analysis on Generic Structure

Many believe that a story can teach a society certain moral value. Most stories are build in narrative. Because it is a narrative story, it must consists of complication. That complication, in fact, is the moral value which like to be taught.
Orientation; the first paragraph is set to be the story introduction. Reading the orientation, reader will know that the story is characterized with Malin Kundang and his mother. Wes Sumatra is set as the place.
Complication; this is the main element of narrative story. From the Malin Kundang myth, we know that there are more than one complication. Many stories are composed with multi complications. They are minor complication and major complication. When Malin Kundang and her mother did life hard, it can be the minor complication. this hard life in the first time was solved by his successful trading as new merchant. However this narrative sotry is more interesting when we see the major complication among the participants- Malin Kundang denied his mother after being successful merchant. In every story, complication must be ended; happy ending or sad one
Resolution; this is the end of the story, the sad ending one. Malin Kundang faces his curse of turning into a stone.

Mendut temple

Mendut temple is Buddha Temple, the located of Mendut Temple at Mendut village, Mungkid district, Magelang Regency. The distance about 38 kms in west side of Yogyakarta and 3 kms eastern of Borobudur temple. It faces contrary Borobudur temple, Mendut temple faces to the west and ,faces toward Benares, India.

Mendut temple made by Sri Maharaja Panangkaran at the second half of century. Mendut temple resembles Pawon temple in many ways, such as : The body is square, the gate face south west. The height of the temple is 26,40 m, divided of the foot basement, body and peak. Above the basement there is a square stage surrounding the body of the temple, which has relief of animal, such as : monkey, deer, tiger, bird, crocodile, and turtle. In the adjoining sell there is a statue of Buddha Sayakmuni when sitting on a throne. In the left side there is Buddha Lokesvara, and Buddha Vajraponi in the right side. Below the Buddha Sayakmuni there is a “Cakra” wheel between two deer. The hand pose of Buddha image is turning the wheel of the law of cause and effect.Mendut temple passing a Waicak ceremony, at the first start. The walk procession of waicak ceremony from Mendut temple passing the small Pawon temple and finally to Borobudur temple.




THE AMAZING TAJ MAHAL IN INDIA

Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the dinterlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.




Rafflesia Arnoldii

Rafflesia Arnoldii is a rare flower that is well known because of the size of the flower's petals and the smell of rotten meat that it gives out.

This enormous and rare flower grows in the forest of Southeast Asia, including the Phillipines. Its large flower can grow to 3 meters in diameter and weigh up to 11 kilograms. It does not have any leaves, stem, or roots and because of lacking clorophyls this plant can not photosynthesize making it a parasite, living on other plants nutrition. The flower has five petals red in colour and has white spots, which surrounds the middle of the flower much like a hole. At the base of the flower there is a part which has needles and contains the reproduction parts of the flower.

Rafflesia Arnoldii reproduces with the help of flies that are attracted to the flowers smell (which some observers say smells much like bad meat and rotten eggs mixed). The flower only lasts for five to seven days and then dies.




Prambanan Temple

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Central Java in Indonesia, located approximately 18 km east of Yogyakarta.

The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the largest Hindu temples in south-east Asia. It is characterised by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu temple architecture, and by the 47m high central building inside a large complex of individual temples.

It was built around 850 CE by either Rakai Pikatan, king of the second Mataram dynasty, or Balitung Maha Sambu, during the Sanjaya Dynasty. Not long after its construction, the temple was abandoned and began to deteriorate. Reconstruction of the compound began in 1918. The main building was completed in around 1953. Much of the original stonework has been stolen and reused at remote construction sites. A temple will only be rebuilt if at least 75% of the original stones are available, and therefore only the foundation walls of most of the smaller shrines are now visible and with no plans for their reconstruction.

The temple was damaged during the earthquake in Java in 2006. Early photos suggest that although the complex appears to be structurally intact, damage is significant. Large pieces of debris, including carvings, were scattered over the ground. The temple has been closed to the public until damage can be fully assessed. The head of Yogyakarta Archaeological Conservation Agency stated that: “it will take months to identify the precise damage”. However, some weeks later in 2006 the site re-opened for visitors. The immediate surroundings of the Hindu temples remain off-limits for safety reasons.




Borobudur Temple

Borobudur is Hindu - Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.
Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.
Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.

Analyzing the Text
Generic Structure Analysis
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described in general; Borobudur temple
Description; describing the Borobudur temple in parts; eight terraces of Borobudur temple and its characteristics
Language Feature Analysis
Using adjective and classifiers; valuable
Using simple present tense; Borobudur is well-known,The temple is constructed, etc



Rabu, 23 Desember 2009

Ilmuwan Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton, ilmuwan paling besar dan paling berpengaruh yang pernah hidup di dunia, lahir di Woolsthrope, Inggris, tepat pada hari Natal tahun 1642, bertepatan tahun dengan wafatnya Galileo. Seperti halnya Nabi Muhammad, dia lahir sesudah ayahnya meninggal. Di masa bocah dia sudah menunjukkan kecakapan yang nyata di bidang mekanika dan teramat cekatan menggunakan tangannya. Meskipun anak dengan otak cemerlang, di sekolah tampaknya ogah-ogahan dan tidak banyak menarik perhatian. Tatkala menginjak akil baliq, ibunya mengeluarkannya dari sekolah dengan harapan anaknya bisa jadi petani yang baik. Untungnya sang ibu bisa dibujuk, bahwa bakat utamanya tidak terletak di situ. Pada umurnya delapan belas dia masuk Universitas Cambridge. Di sinilah Newton secara kilat menyerap apa yang kemudian terkenal dengan ilmu pengetahuan dan matematika dan dengan cepat pula mulai melakukan penyelidikan sendiri. Antara usia dua puluh satu dan dua puluh tujuh tahun dia sudah meletakkan dasar-dasar teori ilmu pengetahuan yang pada gilirannya kemudian mengubah dunia.

Pertengahan abad ke-17 adalah periode pembenihan ilmu pengetahuan. Penemuan teropong bintang dekat permulaan abad itu telah merombak seluruh pendapat mengenai ilmu perbintangan. Filosof Inggris Francis Bacon dan Filosof Perancis Rene Descartes kedua-duanya berseru kepada ilmuwan seluruh Eropa agar tidak lagi menyandarkan diri pada kekuasaan Aristoteles, melainkan melakukan percobaan dan penelitian atas dasar titik tolak dan keperluan sendiri. Apa yang dikemukakan oleh Bacon dan Descartes, sudah dipraktekkan oleh si hebat Galileo. Penggunaan teropong bintang, penemuan baru untuk penelitian astronomi oleh Newton telah merevolusionerkan penyelidikan bidang itu, dan yang dilakukannya di sektor mekanika telah menghasilkan apa yang kini terkenal dengan sebutan "Hukum gerak Newton" yang pertama.

Ilmuwan besar lain, seperti William Harvey, penemu ihwal peredaran darah dan Johannes Kepler penemu tata gerak planit-planit di seputar matahari, mempersembahkan informasi yang sangat mendasar bagi kalangan cendikiawan. Walau begitu, ilmu pengetahuan murni masih merupakan kegemaran para intelektual, dan masih belum dapat dibuktikan --apabila digunakan dalam teknologi-- bahwa ilmu pengetahuan dapat mengubah pola dasar kehidupan manusia sebagaimana diramalkan oleh Francis Bacon.

Walaupun Copernicus dan Galileo sudah menyepak ke pinggir beberapa anggapan ngelantur tentang pengetahuan purba dan telah menyuguhkan pengertian yang lebih genah mengenai alam semesta, namun tak ada satu pokok pikiran pun yang terumuskan dengan seksama yang mampu membelokkan tumpukan pengertian yang gurem dan tak berdasar seraya menyusunnya dalam suatu teori yang memungkinkan berkembangnya ramalan-ramalan yang lebih ilmiah. Tak lain dari Isaac Newton-lah orangnya yang sanggup menyuguhkan kumpulan teori yang terangkum rapi dan meletakkan batu pertama ilmu pengetahuan modern yang kini arusnya jadi anutan orang.

Newton sendiri agak ogah-ogahan menerbitkan dan mengumumkan penemuan-penemuannya. Gagasan dasar sudah disusunnya jauh sebelum tahun 1669 tetapi banyak teori-teorinya baru diketahui publik bertahun-tahun sesudahnya. Penerbitan pertama penemuannya adalah menyangkut penjungkir-balikan anggapan lama tentang hal-ihwal cahaya. Dalam serentetan percobaan yang seksama, Newton menemukan fakta bahwa apa yang lazim disebut orang "cahaya putih" sebenarnya tak lain dari campuran semua warna yang terkandung dalam pelangi. Dan ia pun dengan sangat hati-hati melakukan analisa tentang akibat-akibat hukum pemantulan dan pembiasan cahaya. Berpegang pada hukum ini dia --pada tahun 1668-- merancang dan sekaligus membangun teropong refleksi pertama, model teropong yang dipergunakan oleh sebagian terbesar penyelidik bintang-kemintang saat ini. Penemuan ini, berbarengan dengan hasil-hasil yang diperolehnya di bidang percobaan optik yang sudah diperagakannya, dipersembahkan olehnya kepada lembaga peneliti kerajaan Inggris tatkala ia berumur dua puluh sembilan tahun.

Keberhasilan Newton di bidang optik saja mungkin sudah memadai untuk mendudukkan Newton pada urutan daftar buku ini. Sementara itu masih ada penemuan-penemuan yang kurang penting di bidang matematika murni dan di bidang mekanika. Persembahan terbesarnya di bidang matematika adalah penemuannya tentang "kalkulus integral" yang mungkin dipecahkannya tatkala ia berumur dua puluh tiga atau dua puluh empat tahun. Penemuan ini merupakan hasil karya terpenting di bidang matematika modern. Bukan semata bagaikan benih yang daripadanya tumbuh teori matematika modern, tetapi juga perabot tak terelakkan yang tanpa penemuannya itu kemajuan pengetahuan modern yang datang menyusul merupakan hal yang mustahil. Biarpun Newton tidak berbuat sesuatu apapun lagi, penemuan "kalkulus integral"-nya saja sudah memadai untuk menuntunnya ke tangga tinggi dalam daftar urutan buku ini.

Tetapi penemuan-penemuan Newton yang terpenting adalah di bidang mekanika, pengetahuan sekitar bergeraknya sesuatu benda. Galileo merupakan penemu pertama hukum yang melukiskan gerak sesuatu obyek apabila tidak dipengaruhi oleh kekuatan luar. Tentu saja pada dasarnya semua obyek dipengaruhi oleh kekuatan luar dan persoalan yang paling penting dalam ihwal mekanik adalah bagaimana obyek bergerak dalam keadaan itu. Masalah ini dipecahkan oleh Newton dalam hukum geraknya yang kedua dan termasyhur dan dapat dianggap sebagai hukum fisika klasik yang paling utama. Hukum kedua (secara matcmatik dijabarkan dcngan persamaan F = m.a) menetapkan bahwa akselerasi obyek adalah sama dengan gaya netto dibagi massa benda. Terhadap kedua hukum itu Newton menambah hukum ketiganya yang masyhur tentang gerak (menegaskan bahwa pada tiap aksi, misalnya kekuatan fisik, terdapat reaksi yang sama dengan yang bertentangan) serta yang paling termasyhur penemuannya tentang kaidah ilmiah hukum gaya berat universal. Keempat perangkat hukum ini, jika digabungkan, akan membentuk suatu kesatuan sistem yang berlaku buat seluruh makro sistem mekanika, mulai dari pergoyangan pendulum hingga gerak planit-planit dalam orbitnya mengelilingi matahari yang dapat diawasi dan gerak-geriknya dapat diramalkan. Newton tidak cuma menetapkan hukum-hukum mekanika, tetapi dia sendiri juga menggunakan alat kalkulus matematik, dan menunjukkan bahwa rumus-rumus fundamental ini dapat dipergunakan bagi pemecahan problem.

Hukum Newton dapat dan sudah dipergunakan dalam skala luas bidang ilmiah serta bidang perancangan pelbagai peralatan teknis. Dalam masa hidupnya, pemraktekan yang paling dramatis adalah di bidang astronomi. Di sektor ini pun Newton berdiri paling depan. Tahun 1678 Newton menerbitkan buku karyanya yang masyhur Prinsip-prinsip matematika mengenai filsafat alamiah (biasanya diringkas Principia saja). Dalam buku itu Newton mengemukakan teorinya tentang hukum gaya berat dan tentang hukum gerak. Dia menunjukkan bagaimana hukum-hukum itu dapat dipergunakan untuk memperkirakan secara tepat gerakan-gerakan planit-planit seputar sang matahari. Persoalan utama gerak-gerik astronomi adalah bagaimana memperkirakan posisi yang tepat dan gerakan bintang-kemintang serta planit-planit, dengan demikian terpecahkan sepenuhnya oleh Newton hanya dengan sekali sambar. Atas karya-karyanya itu Newton sering dianggap seorang astronom terbesar dari semua yang terbesar.


Newton sedang menganalisa garis cahaya

Dalam uraian yang begini ringkas, adalah mustahil membeberkan secara terperinci penemuan-penemuan Newton. Akibatnya, banyak karya-karya yang agak kurang tenar terpaksa harus disisihkan biarpun punya makna penting di segi penemuan dalam bidang masalahnya sendiri. Newton juga memberi sumbangsih besar di bidang thermodinamika (penyelidikan tentang panas) dan di bidang akustik (ilmu tentang suara). Dan dia pulalah yang menyuguhkan penjelasan yang jernih bagai kristal prinsip-prinsip fisika tentang "pengawetan" jumlah gerak agar tidak terbuang serta "pengawetan" jumlah gerak sesuatu yang bersudut. Antrian penemuan ini kalau mau bisa diperpanjang lagi: Newtonlah orang yang menemukan dalil binomial dalam matematika yang amat logis dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Mau tambah lagi? Dia juga, tak lain tak bukan, orang pertama yang mengutarakan secara meyakinkan ihwal asal mula bintang-bintang.

Minggu, 08 November 2009

ARSITEKTUR

Terminologi
Arsitektur menurut kamus Oxford : art and science of building; design or style of building(s). adalah seni dan ilmu dalam merancang bangunan. Pengertian ini bisa lebih luas lagi, arsitektur melingkupi semua proses analisa dan perencanaan semua kebutuhan fisik bangunan,namun dalam bahasan situs ini,penulis membatasi pada pengorganisasian perancangan bangunan, mulai dari level makro yaitu perencanaan kota, perancangan perkotaan, arsitektur lansekap, hingga ke level mikro yaitu rancang interior / eksterior, rancang asesoris dan pernik-pernik produk pelengkap. Arsitektur juga merujuk kepada hasil-hasil proses perancangan tersebut.
Kriteria dan Batasan
Pameo mengatakan: Architecture is silent language. Arsitektur merupakan bahasa yang tidak terucapkan ,namun dapat dimengerti para pemakainya

Buku De Architectura merupakan karya tulis rujukan paling tua yang ditulis Vitruvius, dalam buku itu diungkapkan bahwa bangunan yang baik haruslah memiliki aspek:

* Keindahan / Estetika (Venusitas)
* Kekuatan (Firmitas)
* Kegunaan / Fungsi (Utilitas);

Arsitektur adalah penyeimbang dan pengatur antara ketiga unsur tersebut, dimana semua aspek memiliki porsi yang sama sehingga tidak boleh ada satu unsur yang melebihi unsur lainnya. Dalam definisi modern, arsitektur harus mencakup pertimbangan fungsi, estetika, dan psikologis. Namun, dapat dikatakan pula bahwa unsur fungsi itu sendiri di dalamnya sudah mencakup baik unsur estetika maupun psikologis.
Arsitektur adalah bidang multi-disiplin ilmu, termasuk di dalamnya adalah matematika, sains, seni, teknologi, humaniora, ekonomi,sosial,politik, sejarah, filsafat, dan sebagainya. Diperlukan kemampuan untuk menyerap berbagai disiplin ilmu ini dan mengaplikasikannya dalam suatu sistematika yang integral.
Vitruvius menyatakan, "Arsitektur adalah ilmu yang timbul dari ilmu-ilmu lainnya, dan dilengkapi dengan proses belajar: dibantu dengan penilaian terhadap karya tersebut sebagai karya seni". Ia pun menekankan perlunya seorang arsitek memahami sosial,kedokteran,hukum,ekonomi,filsafat, dsb. Filsafat adalah salah satu yang utama di dalam pendekatan arsitektur. Rasionalisme, empirisisme, strukturalisme, post-strukturalisme, dan fenomenologi adalah beberapa pengaruh filsafat terhadap arsitektur.
Teori dan Praktek
Teori sangatlah penting untuk menjadi landasan acuan, walaupun juga tidak boleh mendominasi secara ekstrim. Kenyataanya, banyak arsitek mengabaikan teori dalam perencanaan dan perancangan. Vitruvius juga berkomentar:
"Praktek dan teori adalah akar arsitektur. Praktek pelaksanaan sebuah proyek atau pengerjaannya yang didapatkan dalam proses perenungan, dalam proses mendayagunakan bahan bangunan dengan cara yang terbaik. Teori adalah hasil pemikiran beralasan yang menjelaskan proses konversi bahan bangunan menjadi hasil akhir sebagai jawaban terhadap suatu persoalan. Seorang arsitek yang tidak memiliki landasan teori kuat tidak akan dapat menjelaskan alasan dan dasar mengenai bentuk-bentuk yang dia pilih. Sementara arsitek yang berteori tanpa berpraktek hanya berpegang kepada "imajinasi" dan bukannya substansi. Seorang arsitek yang berpegang pada teori dan praktek, ia memiliki senjata ganda. Ia dapat membuktikan kebenaran hasil rancangannya dan juga dapat mewujudkannya dalam pelaksanaan".
Sejarah
Arsitektur terbentuk karena adanya kebutuhan (kebutuhan kondisi lingkungan yang kondusif, keamanan, dsb), dan kebutuhan ini menuntut perlakuan/cara menyikapi obyek(bahan bangunan yang tersedia dan teknologi konstruksi). Arsitektur prasejarah dan primitif merupakan tahap awal dinamika ini. Kemudian manusia menjadi lebih maju dan pengetahuan mulai terbentuk melalui tradisi lisan dan praktek-praktek, arsitektur berkembang menjadi ketrampilan. Pada tahap ini lah terdapat proses uji coba, improvisasi, atau peniruan sehingga menjadi hasil yang sukses. Seorang arsitek saat itu bukanlah seorang figur penting, ia semata-mata melanjutkan tradisi. Arsitektur Vernakular lahir dari pendekatan yang demikian sampai sekarang masih diterapkan di banyak tempat di dunia.
Permukiman manusia di masa lalu pada dasarnya bersifat rural. Masyarakat lebih banyak terkonsentrasi di daerah pedesaan dan didominasi pola hidup pertanian.Kemudian timbullah surplus produksi, sehingga masyarakat rural berkembang menjadi masyarakat urban.
Tuntutan kebutuhan masyarakat akan bangunan dan tipologinya pun meningkat. Teknologi pembangunan fasilitas umum seperti jalan dan jembatan pun berkembang. Tipologi bangunan baru seperti sekolah, rumah sakit, dan sarana rekreasi pun bermunculan. Arsitektur Religius tetap menjadi bagian penting di dalam masyarakat. Gaya-gaya arsitektur berkembang, dan karya tulis mengenai arsitektur mulai bermunculan. Karya-karya tulis tersebut menjadi kumpulan aturan (kanon) untuk diikuti khususnya dalam pembangunan arsitektur religius. Contoh kanon ini antara lain adalah karya-karya tulis oleh Vitruvius, atau Vaastu Shastra dari India purba. Di periode Klasik dan Abad Pertengahan Eropa, bangunan bukanlah hasil karya arsitek-arsitek perorangan, melainkan oleh para seniman/ ahli keterampilan bangunan yang dihimpun dalam satu asosiasi untuk mengorganisasi proyek.
Pada masa Renaissance (pencerahan), humaniora dan penekanan terhadap individual menjadi lebih penting daripada agama, dan menjadi awal yang baru dalam arsitektur. Pembangunan ditugaskan kepada arsitek-arsitek individual - Michaelangelo, Brunelleschi, Leonardo da Vinci - dan kultus individu pun dimulai. Namun pada saat itu, tidak ada pembagian tugas yang jelas antara seniman, arsitek, maupun insinyur atau bidang-bidang kerja lain yang berhubungan. Pada tahap ini, seorang seniman pun dapat merancang jembatan karena penghitungan struktur di dalamnya masih bersifat umum.
Perkembangan jaman yang diikuti revolusi berbagai bidang ilmu (misalnya engineering), dan penemuan bahan-bahan bangunan baru serta teknologi, menuntut para arsitek untuk mengadaptasi fokus dari aspek teknis bangunan kepada estetika (keindahan bentuk).
Kemudian dikenal istilah "arsitek aristokratik" yang lebih suka melayani bouwheer (owner/Client) yang kaya dan berkonsentrasi pada unsur visual dalam bentuk yang merujuk pada contoh-contoh historis. Contohnya, Ecole des Beaux Arts di Prancis pada abad 19 mengkader calon-calon arsitek menciptakan sketsa-sketsa dan gambar cantik tanpa mengiraukan konsep yang kontekstual.
Sementara itu, Revolusi Industri menggerakkan perubahan yang sangat drastis yang membuka diri bagi masyarakat luas, sehingga estetika dapat dinikmati oleh masyarakat kelas menengah. Dulunya produk-produk berornamen estetis terbatas dalam lingkup keterampilan yang mewah, menjadi terjangkau melalui produksi massal. Produk-produk sedemikian tidaklah memiliki keindahan dan kejujuran dalam ekspresi dari sebuah proses produksi.
Keadaan tersebut menimbulkan perlawanan dari seniman maupun arsitek pada awal abad ke-20, yang melahirkan pemikiran-pemikiran yang mengilhami Arsitektur Modern, antara lain, Deutscher Werkbund (dibentuk 1907) yang memproduksi bahan-bahan bangunan buatan mesin dengan kualitas yang lebih baik merupakan titik lahirnya profesi dalam bidang desain industri. Setelah itu, sekolah Bauhaus (dibentuk di Jerman tahun 1919) menafikan sejarah masa lalu dan cenderung menempatkan arsitektur sebagai perpaduan skill ,seni, dan teknologi.
Ketika Arsitektur Modern mulai dikembangkan, ia merupakan sebuah elit terkemuka berlandaskan filosofis,moral, dan estetis. Konsep perencanaan kurang mengindahkan sejarah dan condong kepada fungsi yang melahirkan bentuk. Peran Arsitek menjadi sangat penting dan dianggap sebagai "kepala/pimpinan". Kemudian arsitektur modern masuk ke dalam lingkup produksi massal yang sederhana dan relatif murah sehingga mudah diperoleh.
Dampaknya, bangunan di berbagai tempat memiliki bentuk yang mirip/cenderung tipikal. Tidak ada ciri khas ataupun keunikan bangunan Arsitektur Modern ini, masyarakat umum mulai jenuh menerima arsitektur modern pada tahun 1960-an, antara lain karena kekurangan makna, kemandulan,keseragaman, serta kesan-kesan psikologisnya. Sebagian arsitek berusaha menghilangkan kesan buruk ini dengan menampilkan Arsitektur Post-Modern yang membentuk arsitektur yang lebih dapat diterima umum pada tingkat visual, meski dengan mengabaikan konsepnya.

Arsitektur Post Modern ini lebih dikenal sebagai arsitektur yang "mengawinkan" dua code/langgam/style. Misalnya, antara yang antik dan modern, antara maskulin (bangunan dengan struktur lebih dominan) dan feminin (kecantikan eksterior dominan ), antara western dengan timur, yang kuno dengan yang baru ,dll.

Sedangkan kalangan lain baik arsitek maupun non-arsitek menjawab dengan menunjukkan apa yang mereka pikir sebagai akar masalahnya. Mereka merasa bahwa arsitektur bukanlah perburuan filosofi atau estetika secara perorangan, melainkan haruslah mempertimbangkan kebutuhan manusia sehari-hari dan mengunakan teknologi untuk mewujudkan lingkungan yang dapat dihuni. Design Methodology Movement yang melibatkan tokoh-tokoh Chris Jones atau Christopher Alexander mulai mencari proses yang lebih terbuka dalam perancangan, untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih baik. Analisa terperinci dalam berbagai bidang seperti behaviour,habitat, environment, dan humaniora dilakukan untuk menjadi dasar proses perancangan.Mereka berharap bahwa arsitektur merupakan bahasa yang komprehensif untuk menjadi media antara kebutuhan dan pelaksanaan proyek.
Bersamaan dengan meningkatnya kompleksitas bangunan,arsitektur menjadi lebih multi-disiplin daripada sebelumnya. Arsitektur sekarang ini membutuhkan sekumpulan profesional dalam pengerjaannya. Namun demikian, arsitek individu masih disukai dan dicari dalam perancangan bangunan yang bermakna simbol budaya. Contohnya, di kota Semarang, karya Thomas Kaarsten ,arsitek peranakan jawa-belanda banyak mendominasi bangunan Belanda di Semarang.
Kesimpulan
Bangunan adalah hasil karya manusia yang paling nyata, dan merupakan kebutuhan utama manusia. Tetapi kenyataannya, banyak sekali bangunan masih dirancang oleh masyarakat sendiri atau mandor-tukang batu di negara-negara berkembang, sedang di negara maju diproduksi secara "massal" sebagai produk tipikal seperti orang memproduksi baju.
Arsitek sering disisihkan dalam pembangunan, hanya karena masalah biaya dan prosedural. Keahlian arsitek hanya dibutuhkan dalam pembangunan bangunan berskala besar, atau bangunan yang memiliki makna ekonomi/ budaya / politis yang penting. Dan inilah yang diterima oleh masyarakat umum sebagai arsitektur,sedangkan bangunan lain, yang dianggap sederhana ataupun berskala kecil mungkin cukup dirancang oleh mandor-mandor yang mendapatkan ilmunya dari proses pengalaman empirikal di lapangan. Peran arsitek, selalu turun-naik mengikuti perkembangan jaman, tidak pernah mendominasi dan tidak pernah terlepas dari masyarakat sebagai pribadi bebas. Selalu akan ada dialog antara masyarakat dengan arsitek antara owner dengan arsitek, dan antara arsitek dengan bidang terkait lainnya.Dan hasilnya adalah sebuah output yang disebut arsitektur, sebagai sebuah produk dan sebuah disiplin ilmu yang solid.

Pengertian Arsitektur

Arsitektur adalah seni dan ilmu dalam merancang bangunan. Dalam artian yang lebih luas, arsitektur mencakup merancang dan membangun keseluruhan lingkungan binaan, mulai dari level makro yaitu perencanaan kota perancangan perkotaan arsitektur lansekap, hingga ke level mikro yaitu desain bangunan, desain perabot dan desain produk. Arsitektur juga merujuk kepada hasil-hasil proses perancangan tersebut.

Arsitektur adalah bidang multi-dispilin, termasuk di dalamnya adalah matematika, sains, seni, teknologi, humaniora, sejarah, filsafat, dan sebagainya. Mengutip Vitruvius, “Arsitektur adalah ilmu yang timbul dari ilmu-ilmu lainnya, dan dilengkapi dengan proses belajar: dibantu dengan penilaian terhadap karya tersebut sebagai karya seni”. Ia pun menambahkan bahwa seorang arsitek harus fasih di dalam bidang musik, astronomi, dsb. Filsafat adalah salah satu yang utama di dalam pendekatan arsitektur. Rasionalisme, empirisisme, fenomenologi, strukturalisme, post-strukturalisme, dan dekonstruktivisme adalah beberapa arahan dari filsafat yang mempengaruhi arsitektur.

Arsitektur lahir dari dinamika antara kebutuhan (kebutuhan kondisi lingkungan yang kondusif, keamanan, dsb), dan cara (bahan bangunan yang tersedia dan teknologi konstruksi). Arsitektur prasejarah dan primitif merupakan tahap awal dinamika ini. Kemudian manusia menjadi lebih maju dan pengetahuan mulai terbentuk melalui tradisi lisan dan praktek-praktek, arsitektur berkembang menjadi ketrampilan. Pada tahap ini lah terdapat proses uji coba, improvisasi, atau peniruan sehingga menjadi hasil yang sukses. Seorang arsitek saat itu bukanlah seorang figur penting, ia semata-mata melanjutkan tradisi.

Peran arsitek, meski senantiasa berubah, tidak pernah menjadi yang utama dan tidak pernah berdiri sendiri. Selalu akan ada dialog antara masyarakat dengan sang arsitek. Dan hasilnya adalah sebuah dialog yang dapat dijuluki sebagai arsitektur, sebagai sebuah produk dan sebuah disiplin ilmu.

 
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